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从物理学的角度告诉你病毒为什么怕热

作者： 轶名   人气： 708 次  时间：2020年03月01日  星级：

      最近，全国上下都在严防能够引起新型肺炎的新型冠状病毒，各种防护方法通过社交媒体传遍了国内的几乎每一个角落。很多人最近学到了一个知识点：病毒怕热，并且还有数据说新型冠状病毒在56摄氏度的热水中只能存在30分钟。


其实不仅新型冠状病毒怕热，所有的病毒都怕热，这几乎可以算作是常识。病毒性传染病在冬季容易爆发也与病毒怕热有着很大的关系，2003年SARS疫情在冬季开始蔓延，天气回暖时逐步得到了控制，气温的升高其实也为战胜SARS助了一臂之力。


病毒没有细胞结构，它的结构比较简单，外面是一层由蛋白质构成的保护壳，内部是核糖核酸（RNA）或脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）。病毒自身无法繁殖，需要侵入到宿主的细胞中借助宿主细胞中的设备完成复制。病毒根本就没有新陈代谢，在它侵入细胞之前是惰性的。你完全可以说病毒不是生命，它是存在于化学与生物交界处的东西，甚至说它们只不过是一些不能复制的大分子而已。


把病毒模型化为一些大分子后就能从物理的角度理解为什么它们怕热了。分子是由原子构成的，原子间有相互作用，相互作用使得原子间或者整个分子体系中存在与原子间距离有关的势能，当这个体系的势能最小时这个体系就是最稳定的。就好比有一只熟透的苹果，如果它还挂在树上，它就是不稳定的，随时有可能掉下来砸着你。当苹果掉到了地面上，引力势能就变小了，系统也就比之前稳定了。


在苹果下落的过程中除了势能变化，苹果的动能也跟着变化，因为势能转化成了动能。同样在分子的体系中不仅有势能也有分子的动能，这两种能量也会相互转化。常见的氧气、氮气是由两个原子通过共价键牢固地结合在一起，要把两个原子分开就相当于把地上的苹果再扔到高空，这需要给苹果一定的动能才能让引力势能增大。从宏观上看，分子热运动的平均动能只与温度有关，温度升高后分子的平均动能就会增大。将氧气、氮气加热到上千摄氏度后，就会有一些气体分子被拆成了两半。


消灭病毒不需要上千摄氏度的高温，因为蛋白质分子是大分子，组成蛋白质分子的原子越多，一般而言这个分子体系就越难保持稳定。原子间的相互作用也参差不一，有的比较大，不容易在那个地方断开；有的比较小，分子热运动的动能只要稍微一大就很容易破坏那个地方的共价键，这样蛋白质的结构也就被破坏了。病毒的外壳是由蛋白质组成的，蛋白质被破坏掉了病毒也就失去了活性，这就是病毒怕热的原因。


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