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当前位置:首页 > 教学参考> 教学研究> 教学论文 > 内容详情

浅谈“科学探究式”教学中教师的改变

作者:李南柯  人气: 3762 次  时间:2005年08月04日  星级:

内容提要:本文从“科学探究式”教学的特点和要求出发,论述物理教师必须从观念、课堂形态、对学生的评价等几个方面改变自己,以适应新课程改革的需要。

关键词:科学探究 教学 教师 改变

新的初中物理课程标准明确提出了实施培养创新精神和实践能力的素质教育,“科学探究式”教学将成为物理教学的重要的教学方式。“科学探究式”教学是指学生在教师的指导下,以类似科学研究的方式,通过学生自己的探索活动去发现问题,提出问题,应用所获取的知识去解决问题。教学的重心由注重教师的“教”向注重学生的“学”转变,由注重“结果”向注重过程转变,更加注重学生的情感的陶冶和创造思维的培养。面对这些变化,作为物理教师应如何适应新课程标准的要求呢?我总结了自己的教学经验,我认为应从以下几个方面来改变自己。

一:观念要变

1、要用新的教学理念指导教学,要很好的摆正自己的角色位置。“科学探究式”教学强调学生的主体作用,以学生的主动参与探究过程为标志。教师再也不能像传统课堂那样进行单纯的知识传授,按部就班的落实教学大纲的既定的内容,而应该充分发挥教师自身的指导作用,成为学生学习的促进者、组织者、指导者、和平等的参与者。

2、要树立终身学习的观念。在科学探究中,各个探究的问题的内容、角度、方法、目标和涉及的范围存在明显的差异,有的甚至超出了物理学科的范畴,它需要利用其他学科(数学、生物、地理、化学)的知识 ,采用多种多样的手段,获取广泛的信息料,这就要求教师要有比较渊博的知识和较强的科研能力。但一个教师的知识和能力毕竟是有限的,在科学探究中,涉及到的内容有的可能是教师不知道的,所以教师应该放下“严师”的架子,放下“怕丑”的心理,和学生站在同一起跑线上一块进行探究、学习。现在教材中设置的很多开放性问题,教师不一定知道怎样回答,而学生不一定不知道怎样回答。如有关颜色的混合问题和颜料的混合问题,物理教师不一定比学美术的特长生知道的多,所以,有时学生的想法和观点也许比教师的更多、更好,教师应与学生之间形成一个平等的相互促进的共同体。

3、要深入实践。实践是科学探究的重要特征,教师首先要强化学生的实践意识,要为学生提供学习直接经验并在探索中获得积极情感的途经和机会。在各种调查、访问、实践、报告过程中教师要参与其中,这样教师才能具有感受学生探究过程的真实体验,了解学生的设计方案、实验方法、过程和遇到的问题以及出现的错误,进而及时的给予指导和帮助。如在我校校园内的噪声调查活动中,我与学生一起体验感受了校园内各个不同位置和不同种类的噪声大小以及它对我们学习生活的影响,在此基础上又与学生一道认真分析校园内各种噪声的来源和传播途径,进而引导他们一起讨论出减弱这些噪声的一些具体的方法。在整个活动中,师生一起交流合作,教师既深如了实践,同时又增进了师生感情。

4、教师要以开放、宽容、严谨、科学的态度去影响学生。在教学过程中,教师的言行、意志、情绪、态度都会影响学生。在科学探究活动中,这种影响更为突出。因为在科学探究的前提下,教学内容、学生的学习方法、思维方法、获取信息的途径都是开放的,教师与学生的争议点会更多、更尖锐,这就要求师生之间的关系也必须是开放的。教师要积极的倡导师生的辩论,为学生提供展现自我的机会,鼓励学生敢于质疑,敢于探索。然而,由于学生的知识阅历比较浅,对某些问题的认识可能不太熟悉,有的甚至是错误的,这时,作为教师不应该轻易的否定,甚至批评。而应该从保护学生的学习兴趣和积极性的角度出发,以宽容、严谨、科学的态度加以引导,共同探讨正确的答案。

二:课堂形态要变

“科学探究式”教学与传统的课堂教学相比较,无论是组织形式、实施过程,还是教学特点都有着根本的变化。从组织形式上看,“科学探究”更加注重学生合作与交流,主要有下列三种基本形式:小组合作研究、个人独立研究、个人研究与集体讨论相结合。从实施过程来看,“科学探究”的过程大致是这样的:创设情景、提出问题,猜想与假设,制定计划与设计实验,进行实验与收集证据,分析与论证、评估,交流合作,总结结论。在学生的科学探究中,各个探究过程并不是截然分开的,而是相互交叉又相互推进的。如:进入提出问题阶段时,首先要求师生共同创设一定的问题情景,目的在于激发学生的兴趣,作好背景知识的铺垫,调动学生原有的知识和经验,然后在进入下一过程。当然,我们也要认识到,对某些问题的探究没有必要涉及到探究的各个过程,也可以只涉及其中的部分过程。

三:对学生的评价要变

对学生的评价,我们要从过去只重结果的方式上转变过来。评价的内容与方式要充分关注学生的情感态度和价值观,重视学生的学习过程与方法,重视交流与合作,重视动手实践能力。“科学探究式”教学强调学习的过程,强调对知识技能的应用,强调学生亲身参与探索活动并获取情感和体验,特别强调学生的人人参与。所以,我们应采取形成性评价的方式,重视过程评价,重视学生在活动中的自我评价和自我改进,使评价成为学生学会实践和反思、发现自我、欣赏别人的过程。同时,也要注意多采取激励性评价,鼓励学生发挥自己的个性特长、施展自己的才能,努力形成激励全体学生积极进取、敢于创新的氛围。

评价的内容应从单纯的知识能力考查向丰富性、灵活性转变。应从以下几个方面进行:

1、参与探究活动的态度:如学生的实验态度、课外预习和复习、完成作业的情况及态度等。

2、在探究过程中的合作情况:如在活动中是否乐于帮助同学,主动与同学合作配合完成探究活动,是否认真听取别人的观点和意见,对小组或班级的探究学习活动做出积极的贡献。

3、学习和研究的方法掌握情况:主要评价学生对调查资料、实地观察记录、调查研究、整理资料、处理数据等方面的能力和方法的掌握和运用水平。

4、学生的创新精神和实践能力的发展情况:考察学生在探究活动中从发现问题、提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的全过程,所显示出的探究精神和实际操作能力等。

5、学生的探究学习结果:如实验报告、小论文、小制作、作业情况、考试成绩等。

总之,新课程以经全面启动实施,我们面临着巨大的冲击和挑战,只有完成了以上几个方面的改变,我们才能适应新课程对我们的要求,才能肩负起培养具有创新精神人才的重任。

(张家界市永定区第四中学 李南柯)

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