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2015年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓

作者：佚名  人气： 1911 次  时间：2015年10月11日  星级：

2015年诺贝尔物理学奖于10月6日揭晓，日本物理学家梶田隆章和加拿大物理学家阿瑟·麦克唐纳（Arthur B. McDonald）获得此项殊荣。他们获奖的理由是发现中微子震荡，从而证明中微子是有质量的。

中微子是宇宙中数量仅次于光子的基本粒子，一部分中微子是由于宇宙射线与地球大气层的相互作用而产生，另一部分是来源于太阳内部的核聚变反应。曾经长期困扰物理学家的一个问题是，与理论计算比较，高达三分之二的中微子在地球的实际测量中却消失了。

在上世纪末本世纪初，来自日本东京大学的梶田隆章和加拿大萨德伯里中微子天文台研究所主任、女王大学教授阿瑟·麦克唐纳分别用实验证明，这些中微子并没有消失，而是变换了身份（中微子有不同类型，每种类型称为一种“味（flavor）”）。

这一重要发现表明粒子物理的标准模型存在缺陷，因为根据这一理论，中微子的质量应当为零。然而梶田隆章和麦克唐纳的实验结果清晰表明中微子是有质量的，尽管质量可能很小。这说明标准模型并非完美解释宇宙组成的全部理论。目前与中微子有关的实验还在继续，世界范围内大量的努力被用于捕捉中微子并研究它们的性质，新的发现有望改写我们对于宇宙过去、现在和未来的认识。

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