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雾凇和雨凇是怎样形成的

作者：佚名  人气： 3080 次  时间：2006年02月07日  星级：

　　在自然界里，地面物体上形成的冰晶和水滴并不都是霜和露。有一些貌似霜、露的现象，却是由其他气象条件造成的。

　　例如，某地区原来温度较低，各种地面物体的温度也就较低。遇到天气急遽变暖(例如温度急升10°C)，有些大而重的物体却不能一下子变得和周围的空气一样暖，这样，在空气和这些物体之间便形成一个比较大的温差。如果这时温度在0°C以下，便会在物体上形成冰晶，它叫做"硬凇"。如果温度在0°C以上，便会在物体表面凝结成水滴，叫做"水凇"。冬天玻璃窗上的"窗霜"和"呵水"的形成就与此相似。

　　硬凇和水凇与霜、露都是由于空气和地面物体之间存在着温度差而形成的。但是，形成硬凇和水凇的温度差是由天气变暖而引起的，形成霜、露的温度差却是由于地面物体辐射冷却所引起的。所以，它们所反映的天气条件不同，附着的物体也不尽一样，它们是不同的天气现象。

　　初冬或冬末，有时会出现一种奇怪现象：从空中掉下来的液态雨滴落在树枝、电线或其它物体上时，会突然冻成一层外表光滑晶莹剔透的冰层，这就是"雨淞"。这种滴雨成冰的现象是怎么回事呢？实际上这里的雨滴不是一般的雨滴，而是过冷雨滴。这种情形并不常见，多在冷暖空气交锋，而且暖空气势力较强的情况下才会发生。这是靠近地面一层的空气温度较低（稍低于摄氏零度），而其上又有温度高于摄氏零度的空气层或云层，再往上则是温度低于摄氏零度的云层，从这里掉下来的雪花通过暖层时融化成雨滴，接着当它进入靠近地面的冷气层时,雨滴便迅速冷却，由于这些雨滴的直径很小，温度虽然降到摄氏冷度以下，但还来不及冻结便掉了下来，当其接触到地面冷的物体时，就立即冻结，变成了我们所说的"雨淞"。

　　另外，在有过冷却雾的时候，特别有利于冰晶在地面物体上增长。这时在电线上、树枝上形成了白色的冰花，叫做"雾凇"。在有雾而温度又高于0°C的时候，雾滴沾附、汇聚在树叶或其他物体上，叫做"雾凝"，这在森林中最常见。
它们也都不是霜和露，因为形成的原因不同。

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