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2024年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓

作者： 轶名   人气： 127 次  时间：2024年10月16日  星级：

据央视新闻客户端消息，瑞典皇家科学院当地时间10月8日宣布，将2024年诺贝尔物理学奖授予约翰·J·霍普菲尔德（John J. Hopfield）和杰弗里·E·辛顿（Geoffrey E. Hinton），表彰他们在使用人工神经网络进行机器学习的基础性发现和发明。两位获奖者从20世纪80年代起就开展了与物理学相关的人工神经网络的重要工作。他们将平分1100万瑞典克朗（约合745万元人民币）奖金。

两人使用物理学工具开发了今天机器学习技术的基础方法。约翰·J·霍普菲尔德创造了一种关联记忆，它能够存储和重构图像以及其他模式类型。杰弗里·E·辛顿发明了一种能够自主发现数据中属性的方法，并执行任务，如识别图像中的特定元素。辛顿将霍普菲尔德网络的想法应用于一种新网络，这种新网络使用另一种方法：玻尔兹曼机。玻尔兹曼机可以学习给定数据类型的特征元素，可以用来分类图像或创建新材料。这种机器学习帮助推动了当今机器学习的快速发展。

约翰·J·霍普菲尔德，1933年出生于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，1958年获得美国康奈尔大学博士学位，现任美国普林斯顿大学教授。

杰弗里·E·辛顿，1947年出生于英国伦敦，1978年获得英国爱丁堡大学博士学位，现任加拿大多伦多大学教授。


近5年诺贝尔物理学奖得主

2023年，美国科学家皮埃尔·阿戈斯蒂尼（Pierre Agostini）、德国科学家费伦茨·克劳斯（Ferenc Krausz）和瑞典科学家安妮·勒惠利尔（Anne L’Huillier）获奖，以表彰他们在“产生阿秒光脉冲以研究物质中电子动力学的实验方法”方面所作出的贡献。

2022年，法国物理学家阿兰·阿斯佩（Alain Aspect）、美国理论和实验物理学家约翰·弗朗西斯·克劳泽（John F. Clauser） 和奥地利物理学家安东·塞林格（Anton Zeilinger）获奖，以表彰他们在“纠缠光子实验、验证违反贝尔不等式和开创量子信息科学”方面所做出的贡献。

2021年，科学家真锅淑郎（Syukuro Manabe）、克劳斯·哈塞尔曼（Klaus Hasselmann）和乔治·帕里西（Giorgio Parisi）获奖，以表彰他们“对于我们对复杂物理系统的理解”所做的开创性贡献。

2020年，诺贝尔物理学奖将一半颁给了罗杰·彭罗斯 (Roger Penrose）以表彰其给出的黑洞形成的证明，并成为广义相对论的有力证据。另一半由赖因哈德·根策尔 (Reinhard Genzel)、安德烈娅·盖兹（Andrea Ghez）共享，表彰他们在银河系中心发现超高质量高密度物质。

2019年，美国普林斯顿大学教授吉姆·皮布尔斯（James Peebles）、瑞士日内瓦大学教授米歇尔·麦耶（Michel Mayor）和日内瓦大学教授迪迪埃·奎洛兹（Didier Queloz）获奖，理由是“他们在天体物理学方面的发现”。

关于诺贝尔物理学奖的小知识

作为根据诺贝尔遗嘱设立的五大奖项之一，物理学奖被授予“在物理学领域作出最重要发现或发明的人”，与其他诺贝尔奖相比，物理学奖的荐举和甄选过程更长、更缜密。诺贝尔物理学奖规则规定，获奖者的贡献必须“已经受时间的考验”。这意味着诺贝尔委员会往往会在科学发现的数十年以后才会为此颁发奖项。自1901年设立至今，诺贝尔物理学奖已走过百年历程，记录了物理学发展史上的无数个里程碑，已成为人类文明不可分割的一部分。

根据规定，一项诺贝尔奖最多可以颁给两项不同的成就，奖金将均分。而如果一项成就是由2到3个人共同完成，那么奖金将联合授予他们。一份奖金最多由3人分享。

俗话说，出名要趁早。迄今为止，诺贝尔物理学奖最年轻的获奖者是劳伦斯·布拉格。1915年，年仅25岁的他凭借用X射线研究晶体内原子和分子结构的贡献，与父亲亨利·布拉格共同获得诺贝尔物理学奖。

迄今，诺贝尔物理学奖最年长的获奖者是亚瑟·阿什金，他在2018年获得诺贝尔奖时已经96岁。获奖理由是“在激光物理领域的突破性发明”。

在诺贝尔奖历史上，获得两次诺贝尔物理学奖的是美国物理学家约翰·巴丁。1956年约翰·巴丁因对半导体的研究和对晶体管效应的研究荣获诺贝尔物理学奖。1972年他因超低温理论再次荣获诺贝尔物理学奖。

获得诺贝尔物理学奖的华人科学家

在诺贝尔奖历史上，诺贝尔物理学奖是华人获奖最多的领域，共有6位华人科学家获奖。

1956年，31岁的美籍华人李政道和35岁的杨振宁提出“李-杨假说”，并于1957年同时获得诺贝尔物理学奖。

1976年，美籍华人科学家丁肇中因发现J粒子获得诺贝尔物理学奖。

1997年，美籍华人朱棣文因“发明了用激光冷却和俘获原子的方法”荣获诺贝尔物理学奖。

1998年，美籍华人崔琦因解释了电子量子流体这一特殊现象，获得诺贝尔物理奖。

2009年，英国华人科学家高锟因在“有关光在纤维中的传输以用于光学通信方面”作出突破性成就，获得诺贝尔物理学奖。

（来源：诺贝尔奖官网）





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