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《阻力对物体运动的影响》教学设计反思

作者:佚名  人气: 1486 次  时间:2009年12月29日  星级:

“阻力对物体运动的影响”这是“牛顿第一定律”实验基础部分的教学,传统的教学建议是:做课本中的演示实验,使学生认识物体受到的阻力越小,速度改变越慢,每次实验前向学生交代清楚实验的条件和做法:三种粗糙程度不同的表面;每次实验用的是同一个小车,让它从斜面的同一高度上滑下,以保持小车在三种表面上开始运动时的速度相同。使学生知道实验中的哪些条件保持不变,变化的是什么条件。渗透研究方法。同时提醒学生注意观察三种情况下小车运动变化的情况和变化的条件,分析引起变化的原因。使学生明确实验目的,动脑筋思考问题。(摘自九年义务教育三年制初级中学物理第一册教师教学用书P123页)
  
  如果教师仍按照以上建议教学,不利于学生能力的培养。在《标准》中要求:学生在科学探究活动中,通过经历与科学工作者进行科学探究时的相似过程,学习物理知识与技能,体验科学探究的乐趣,学习科学家的科学探究方法,领悟科学的思想和精神。
  
  在这一片段教学中,我尝试从制定计划与设计实验这一科学探究要素入手来培养学生的探究能力。
  
  一、根据探究目的(阻力对物体运动的影响)引导学生选择科学的探究方法:控制变量法。
  
  二、围绕探究方法:选择实验器材与设计实验过程。
  
  控制变量法就是当一个物理量与两个或两个以上的因素有关时,研究某一个因素如何影响这个物理量,就需要控制其他因素都不变,只让这一因素变化,看这个物理量如何变化。本实验需控制“小车的运动状态改变”这一因素不变,而让小车受到的阻力这一因素发生变化。
  
  让小车受到的阻力这一因素发生变化,就需让小车在不同的平面上运动,故本实验需准备毛巾、木板、玻璃三种平面。
  
  控制“小车的运动状态改变”这一因素不变。引导学生容易得出:保证小车在三种平面的初始速度和末速度都一致即可。
  
  通过教师演示小车从斜面的不同高度滑下。学生容易总结出:要保证小车在三种平面的初始速度相等,必须让小车从同一高度滑下。本实验还需一个斜面。
  
  由于小车受阻力的作用,速度越来越小最后都会静止下来。当小车在三种平面上静止时,它的末速度都为零。
  
  通过以上引导,学生很容易设计出本实验:给水平桌面铺上粗糙程度不同的物体(如毛巾、木板、玻璃等),让小车自斜面顶端从静止开始滑下。观察小车从同一高度滑下后,在不同表面的运动距离。
  
  在教学中认真实施科学探究,能将学习重心从过分强调知识的传承和积累向知识的探究过程转化,从学生被动接受知识向主动获取知识的转化,从而培养学生和科学探究能力,实事求是和科学态度和敢于创新的探索精神。

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