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2013年青岛市中考物理试题解析

作者:czwlzx  人气: 2480 次  时间:2013年06月20日  星级:

2013年青岛物理中考试题,充分体现了《课程标准》所要求的三维教学目标,即“知识与技能”、“过程与方法”、“情感态度与价值观”。
  
  从试题题型上看,题型稳定,基本没有大的变化。本试题分为卷(I)和卷(II)两部分。卷(I)侧重考查现象、实验、结构、方法,以单项选择题和不定项选择题形式出现,共13个小题。卷(II)侧重考查实验、应用、推理、探究,分为六个专题,共14个小题。整个试卷题量适中,题目由易到难分布,有利于学生临场发挥。
  
  一、试题概况:
  
  从题目设置上看,试卷侧重对基础知识、基本技能和基本方法的考查,与去年相比,调整了声、光、热、力、电等板块的分值比例,使之更均衡、合理。同时调整了部分试题的难度系数,加强了对中等难度题目的考查,计算题中注重了题目的开放性和一题多解,加大了对字母运算题的考查,降低了演绎式探究和问题解决题的难度。试题整体难度比例为易︰中︰难=4︰4︰2,难度系数为0.65~0.70左右。每个专题由易到难,呈现递进形式,具有一定的梯度,这样调整,符合学生的思维规律。
  
  二、试题特点:
  
  本试卷在命制时,以知识与技能的考查作为载体,考查过程与方法,渗透对情感态度与价值观的考查。
  
  1.注重对“三基”的考查:
  
  加大了对学生的基础知识、基本技能和基本方法考查的力度,尤其是对重要知识点的考查。在试卷中“三基”题占到总题量的80%左右。其中对基础知识的考查,几乎涵盖了初中物理所有的重点知识。其中声现象部分占了4.75%,光现象部分占了7.5%,热现象部分占了11.75%,电学部分占了38.25%,力学部分占了37.75%,符合初中物理各知识板块的权重比例。
  
  2.注重对实验的考查:
  
  试题增加了对学生的实验与探究的考查力度。所考查的内容均是平日实验教学的重点,也是最能体现物理作为以实验为基础学科的知识点。实验总分值达到46分。其中卷(I)的单项选择题2分,不定项选择题3分;卷(II)在专题一中8分,专题二中10分,专题三中10分,专题四中4分,专题六中9分,在各种题型中所占分值最多。
  
  试题也更加注重实验考查的综合性。试题对学生的实验技能及相关的探究知识和方法的考查力度依然很大,对专题一、二、三的探究实验考查结构,采用“主体附加”方式进行了整合。不仅减少了学生阅读量,也增加了试题的灵活性。对实验探究和基本实验技能的考查沿用实验报告的形式,既规范了日常实验教学,同时也培养了学生良好的探究习惯。
  
  3.专题四中“综合问答题”属于完全开放性题目,学生有更大的自主性,可以根据自己掌握知识的情况,对给定题目进行选择性作答,主要针对学生运用知识分析问题、说明问题的能力和语言表达等能力进行考查;“综合实验题”注重了验证性实验的综合性考查,扩展了实验考查点的范围,进行了实验知识点的组合;“综合作图题”更加注重运用所学知识解决生活中的实际问题,通过设计自己房间里的各种灯的电路,很好地体现从物理走向生活的新课改精神,同时渗透情感、态度、价值观教育。
  
  4.注重考查学生综合运用知识与方法的能力。通过卷(II)专题五综合计算题和专题六创造与探究题,考查了学生的综合运用知识和方法解决问题的能力,是对学生综合科学素养的考验。另外“问题解决题”注重了学生的发散思维和创造力的考查。
  
  5.注重考查学生收集、处理信息的各种能力。试卷中呈现信息形式多样化的特点,特别注重了多种形式的图表,将它们作为许多题目的外在呈现形式,使问题直观、形象化,通过它们重点考查了学生收集信息能力、信息的归纳能力、逻辑推理能力、应用信息的能力。各题中充分体现了这一特点,卷(II)每一小题几乎都与图表相结合。
  
  6.更加体现人文关怀。首先全卷第1小题的情感态度价值观题目考查,难度很低,整个试卷由易到难的题目梯度设计,符合学生的思维习惯,增强学生的答题信心。在部分填空题中给出了“选择性”字词。另外为了防止学生考试时出现漏题情况,所有需要学生笔答部分无论是空格线条、还是关键性词语全部加粗、加黑、改换字体,非常醒目,体现出对考生的人文关怀。
  
  7.注重对科学研究方法的考查:
  
  通过多处“研究方法”、“创造技法”题目的考查,体现了青岛市初中物理学科注重在平日教学中对学生能力培养的课改精神和地区特色。涉及到的方法有:归纳法、演绎法、简化法、数学方法、反证法、分类法、缺点利用法、控制变量法、换元法、等效法、转换法、逆向思考法、模型法、极限法、比较法、逆推法、等价变换法等,涉及到的收集知识的手段有文字、数据、表格、示意图、图像等,涉及到许多学过的旧知识和阅读收集到的新知识,是对学生科学素养的综合考查。
  
  8.注重了初、高中知识的衔接:
  
  (1)加强了对图像的考查。考查形式为:
  
  基本图像学过知识的图像未学过知识的图像
  
  判断图像对错√√√
  
  收集图像信息加以运用√√√
  
  画图像√
  
  (2)加强了对受力分析的考查。在卷(I)不定项选择题、卷(II)中的回顾实验与探究、运用知识解决问题、力学综合计算、演绎式探究等题目中,以不同形式加强了对这一知识的考查。
  
  (3)加强了对解题思路的考查。在卷(II)中,专题三第6题运用知识解决问题、专题五第10题“电学计算”、第11题“力学计算”、专题六第13题“演绎式探究”和第14题“问题解决”,要求学生有清晰的解决问题的思路,以及对知识的整体把握能力。其中专题三第6题第(3)小题,还要求先写出解题思路后再求解。
  
  这些内容是学生进一步学习高中物理知识的重要工具,有利于初、高中的衔接。
  
  三、对今后教与学的建议:
  
  今后教学中,作为教师应该在熟悉教材和课程标准的前提下,要更加突出物理以实验为基础的学科特点,让每个学生都能在轻松快乐的学习氛围中设计实验、动手实验、动脑思考,体验实验探究的过程。这样既能在潜移默化中培养学生学习物理的兴趣,又能理清解决物理问题的思路,掌握学习物理的方法,提高能力。同时加强对学生研究方法、探究能力的培养,提高学生分析问题、解决问题的能力。教师日常教学中应该摒弃题海战术,对学生实行真正的减负,狠抓双基的同时注重方法的总结和提炼,通过举一反三达到事半功倍的效果。
  
  作为学生,在平时学习中要用心观察,注重实验与探究;对所学知识要在正确理解基础上,进行综合感悟、灵活运用掌握。将在物理课中学到的知识运用到生活中,对于在生活中遇到的问题,要勤于动脑,学会运用所学的知识进行分析,或运用科学方法进行探究,体现从生活到物理、从物理到社会的理念。

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